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Protect USB Drive From Virus :

Protect Your USB Drive From Virus:

To prevent virus attacks to your PC, you must make your USB storage device free from virus as well which are most of the time plug and played to your PC.


Usually, most of the virus and worms copies to your USB drive easily. No matter what you do, you cannot stop this action form virus when you insert your USB drive to infected computer. But to prevent from un-authorized copying of viruses you can makeyour USB storage device completely full so that no more files can be added to it. 
But filling up the storage device will not be practical as you have to add some heavy contents there and you won’t like to put large contents which will often hectic job. But after following this tutorial you’ll feel easier to do that.
Initially assume that you have some files in your USB drive and you want to fill up the remaining space.




First download USBDummyProtect (an executable 4KB ZIP file). Once you’vedownloaded the file extract it and copy the exe file in to your USB root drive.

Small utility for protecting USB drives from viruses. Copy it to USB drive and execute from there. It creates dummy.file file which takes all free space and these is no more space for viruses. To unprotect drive execute utility again or manually remove dummy.file.
It is not antivirus. You could execute it in virus free environment (at your computer for example). Then when you put your USB drive into computer with viruses most of viruses cannot infect your drive, because there is no room for virus there. Of course it would not protect from everything, but should help in most cases. Also it useful only if you need to read files from your drive. If you need to write something to it you need free space on USB drive and viruses could use this space too.


You can see in the first image that we’ve about 1GB disk space left, this tool will help you to fill the remaining space easily by creating a dummy file.

Once the exe file has been copied, run the program by double clicking it. As soon as the program runs, the program starts to create a dummy file that has enough size to fill of all the remaining space of your USB storage device.




Once the dummy file creation is successful you’ll be notified. Press enter to close the program.




You can see a dummy.file in your USB drive.





Also check out your USB device disk space.


It must have filled now with zero space available. This will prevent other infectious programs to copy itself to your USB drive.

In case if you want to copy some files from your own non-infected PC then delete the dummy.file and again run the program.

Windows 8 Preview: 16 NEW Features !!!

Windows 8 Preview: 16 NEW Features We Already Know About!


IT IS TIME to rejoice, FaaDoOs! Microsoft Corp has finally given a sneak-peak into its Windows 8 operating system, which has been awaited with a baited breath for long. Although according to Microsoft the name “Windows 8” is not yet confirmed but it is expected to be Windows 8 as its coming next to Windows 7 and Microsoft’s head Steve Ballmer called it Windows 8 in his speech he recently delivered in Japan. The world’s largest software company is expected to launch the new system in the next 18 months, as it races to catch up with the success of Apple Incs iPad, which went on sale over a year ago.

Microsoft typically aims for 24 to 36 months between major Windows versions, suggesting a launch date for the next Windows between October 2011 and October 2012. The head of Microsofts Windows unit, Steven Sinofsky, said Microsoft is working to integrate Internet telephone service Skype into the new system, following its agreement to purchase it last month.

The demonstration shows Microsoft is making progress towards the new operating system, which it promises will run on a range of hardware devices from traditional PCs to laptops and tablets, using both touchscreen and mouse and keyboard commands.

Windows 8 features explained: What’s new and how it works

1. New Welcome screen
A new ‘Metro UI’ (the user interface for Windows Phone 7 devices) has been integrated in the latest builds of Windows 8. Featuring the date and time, the users are shown a list of users on the local machine to click on and enter their password.

2. ‘Modern’ Task Manager
A new task manager has been developed, redefining how programs and system-critical applications are displayed. Frankly, for task manager veterans, the entire feel of the application has changed entirely. However, it is more in-tune with the look and feel of Windows 8, though devoid of a Ribbon bar — for now, at least. It also includes a more ‘advanced’ task manager for those who still require seeing extensive statistics of their hardware.

3. Portable Workspaces – Windows on a USB Stick!
One of the most highly anticipated features, discovered in an early build of Windows 8 — the portable workspace, allowing you to effectively put Windows on a USB stick. On the other hand, it looks more likely to become an enterprise only feature, and further limited to those with a USB stick or external hard drive that is at least 16GB in size. However, already this could give an early indication of the final hard drive memory footprint of the upcoming operating system.

4. Simple system ‘reset’
This functionality allows a user or system administrator to ‘reset’ the operating system back to the default settings. As so many applications and settings are expected to be cloud based, this would in theory allow you to get back up and running in minutes as opposed to hours. From the screenshots, it appears to be a quick and simple process, with user accounts and personal files kept in backup space, before your default Windows settings are restored.

5. ARM processor ‘tablet support’
Windows 8 will have ARM support, a low-power processor which allows devices to run longer on batteries. As seen during an Internet Explorer 10 preview, one of the devices was running an ARM processor, and it is expected to launch with full ARM support making tablets a more likely option.

6. Improved disk cleanup
In Windows 8, there will be an overhaul of the disk cleanup facility, designed to clear the junk out of your operating system, like temporary files and the Recycle Bin. More options are given, and better categorising of file types corresponding to their size.


7. ‘Modern Reader’ PDF support
‘Modern Reader’ is the name of the PDF reading application designed and built using AppX technology, which bridge between the mobile and the desktop workspace gap. According to one, as the application packages are very similar to phone application packages, making applications easier to port across from the desktop to the mobile, including tablets.

8. Internet Explorer 10
There is all but no doubt that Windows 8 will come with a pre-installed version of Internet Explorer, probably IE10, but may not be set to ‘as default’ depending on your user location. It is not unlike Microsoft to bundle in a beta of Internet Explorer with a beta of Windows, and including the browser with the operating system seems entirely “logical”.

9. Internet Explorer ‘Immersive’
A slimmed down version of the browser, using a new user interface codenamed ‘Immersive’, will feel and look like the phone version, but will have all the rendering of the desktop version. Using a new platform for developing applications that scale up and down from the desktop to the phone and vice versa, it will allow many more applications to be scalable and adaptable to their environments.

10. Windows App Store
Likened to Apple’s App Store for iOS and Mac devices, Microsoft is set to include its own application web store in the next version of Windows. Dubbed the Windows App Store, unsurprisingly, it has yet to turn up in a leaked build, though screenshots seem to confirm its existence.

11. ISO mounting
ISO images are files which contain the exact coding, files and folders of the contents on a CD or DVD. Windows 8 will include functionality, as see in more recent builds, to not only mount images to read and deal with, but also the functionality to burn them. This could negate many image burning applications out there on the market already.

12. Webcam application
A new application seemingly based on the ‘Metro UI’ user experience, has appeared in early builds of Windows 8, allowing users to start and stop video capture, and capture images immediately and after a short delay.

13. Streaming Manager
It has emerged that in a seemingly similar way to how Office 2010 is delivered to some customers, a Streaming Manager will be part of Windows 8 to allow other programs to be streamed to the desktop. It will allow applications to be run before they are fully downloaded, provided they are provisioned to do so. If a feature is needed, it will be downloaded as and when it is needed.

14. Facial recognition login
Those with a Kinect or a webcam may be able to login through facial recognition. A setting was detected in one of the latest builds of Windows 8’s application libraries which suggests that when Windows 8 detects a particular user has sat down at the computer, their face alone will be enough proof to allow the desktop to open up with all their user files and settings. Who needs a password nowadays, anyway?

15. Cloud-based roaming profiles
Roaming profiles have yet been semi-mythical, but have been uncovered in the latest build. Your personalisation settings (Aero and colour settings) all the way through to language settings and wireless credentials will be stored in the cloud, or cloud-accessible, so you can take your ‘computer’ on the go with you. Linked accounts will be accessible through Windows Live, but can be turned off if you are on a bandwidth-restricted network. Whether files and folders will be synced also, should be subject to extreme caution, however.

16. Black Screen of Death!!
In Metro UI style, the ‘traditional’ “Blue Screen of Death” will be replaced by a perhaps more ‘friendly’ “Black Screen of Death”. The error detail will be given still for troubleshooting purposes, but will already occur when the computer has effectively shut down.

The new Windows experience will ultimately be powered by application and device developers around the world — one experience across a tremendous variety of PCs. The user interface and new apps will work with or without a keyboard and mouse on a broad range of screen sizes and pixel densities, from small slates to laptops, desktops, all-in-ones, and even classroom-sized displays. 

Software serial keys likes Macromedia ColdFusion,Dreamweaver,Flash,Adobe Photoshop ,IDM 6.07:

Software serial keys likes Macromedia ColdFusion,Dreamweaver,Flash,Adobe Photoshop ,IDM 6.07:
Adobe Photoshop cs3:
1330-1751-1921-7520-1721-1350
1330-1363-7694-4895-1528-1544
1330-1800-5141-4335-5864-7292
1330-1639-1879-7614-0164-0352
1330-1313-7694-4895-1528-1598
1330-1863-9167-6007-0649-1177
1330-1793-3705-2324-5056-2305
1330-1455-9505-9239-2041-4849

Internet download manager: IDM 6.07 : 
E2LBA-C3I6C-3P6BB-F8V3H 

Windows 8 Product Key: 
DNJXJ-7XBW8-2378T-X22TX-BKG7J
6RH4V-HNTWC-JQKG8-RFR3R-36498

Windows 8 Developer Preview Server Edition Product Key: 
4Y8N3-H7MMW-C76VJ-YD3XV-MBDKV

KAS & KAV 2012:
NUS4T-GKF2R-17SCB-4CKPN 
QCGUH-J8FF6-33WGA-UBY62

Winodws 7 :
YKHFT-KW986-GK4PY-FDWYH-7TP9F
4CFBX-7HQ6R-3JYWF-72GXP-4MV6W
2WCJK-R8B4Y-CWRF2-TRJKB-PV9HW
PT9YK-BC2J9-WWYF9-R9DCR-QB9CK
74T2M-DKDBC-788W3-H689G-6P6GT

Photoshop CS5: 
1330-1412-8335-5009-5945-5806
1330-1273-0645-3090-0296-3987
1330-1707-7604-4076-3330-1320
1330-1126-8389-5347-7026-1516
1330-1438-4657-0503-2409-9339

AVG internet security 2012 :
8MEH-RNHNX-A42OU-49DOA-3T8DA-9EMBR-ACED
8MEH-RQPO6-7ZS98-HGY9A-F8M8A-XEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RJR4R-7WAJ6-NL3DA-C26HH-JEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RNHNX-A42OU-49DOA-3T8DA-9EMBR-ACED
8MEH-RS47Y-826U8-GONVA-BAAQZ-DEMBR-ACED

Avast Internet Security 2012:
W8403405R8800E1106-KTB9TEVT

Adobe Dreamwaver cs5:
1192-1688-1273-5698-6952-5360
1192-1018-4023-3250-4269-8918
1192-1378-9489-2478-4506-6866

Quick heal 2012:
C16208S7A814F7608185

Nero 11 platinum :
9004-0173-5M17-EU7K-KLPZ-XT4P-2MT3-4PA8
1C80-0000-19E5-MA2X-4006-8055-9XAX

Corel Draw X5 :
DR15R13B2RYD4NZUB39EV695SVDDKC9YJ

MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007: 
KGFVY-7733B-8WCK9-KTG64-BC7D8 
JDGBW-2C9DX-9FQDX-H4VYX-HJK38

MS Office 2010:
V4933-88FR7-9P3KK-D2QF4-9M9CM

Tuneup Utitlities :
F5N4TA-4W4QRV-98YXF9-YMJAF7-P8HNM8-0CM5DC  
V4F98V-M6A4WM-XVWTYC-5DFJ0H-FK93F5-6R2T9N  
23WCD3-7FW8NW-TTPRFN-VE6DQX-KTEAAY-734ARJ  
85E6D6-NX7HBX-C1KTYP-6A8WK1-MF5B3Y-WT128H

MS Office 2007:
KGFVY-7733B-8WCK9-KTG64-BC7D8

MS Office 2003:
GWH28-DGCMP-P6RC4-6J4MT-3HFDY

Nero 7(Original):
4C85-2006-3005-4001-0556-76E0-0900-4026-X8E5-0K1A 

NERO-6:
1A20-020N-00A3-2091-2172-6487

Windows Xp-SP-2(2002):
RHKG3-8YW4W-4RHJG-83M4Y-7X9GW 
TWHCC-DC33F-G4JJP-BTR2B-RKRYT
4X7WM-GTH3D-DWVCV-H382J-HPMRD
VQD7P-3KK7H-M7VV2-CTXM4-MC7FW
C34VY-TJYXD-3BG2V-HYX8T-76CY6
3D2W3-8DJM6-YKQRB-B2XDB-TVQHF
YXF2Y-QRRKR-BFKVQ-RHQ7H-DJPKD
BMYY7-WH8QJ-6MTWG-MXXVQ-MD97B*
CRBH4-MXB2P-HP7V6-8YTMD-CBHJR
FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8
G2JMP-2PC7G-RYBYX-PPF38-3KKTY
HBJFW-XJ7K3-34JDX-VPPTW-227G6
RXKFJ-67HBV-84TD2-RMDK8-9BDMT
4FWCC-M3XVT-GQVVC-MKQYG-HP7YB
VV2JP-HCKYQ-DMYB8-MQ733-6CHGC
V8KG7-FRF6Y-WWRRB-G7KYY-TD4B7
MTTXT-YX8JQ-6PC2M-TTXDT-WDM8K
8V678-K66HP-GH28R-PTHKH-98PWP
4BR3X-4CP6X-2DTXP-FFDHT-7Q298
CFYHY-FQPJR-RWPC6-PWHKB-MXVKH
YC62K-W8FW7-7BGVV-PYXD4-R679J
KC4BB-2JHWW-VKCD6-2MXFV-98VH6
27GY6-MPPMH-MJ43B-MPP2T-8WQ6Y
8BCD7-WRTCW-JB6X6-XQF6J-2GCB2
HVFK6-XQR33-PTW2H-VK6CX-TT738
QGB7C-8VJ6F-WWHQB-VPVTD-KCPK4
2P3K7-Y2CRK-T23MH-CR247-KT222
KXWRG-72G83-P3J32-WB6MT-93JDR
2KJ6K-BPRYY-6DQYR-C6HB6-FWD26
BCX44-G46Y6-XBWTV-8QKHB-2VXJP
8GV67-QRPTM-P6YMB-G2T6Y-D27X8
2T7C7-3VTRV-2CFFB-2JHDD-QCBJ9

Partition Magic:
PM800ENSP1-11111131

Partition Magic-7:
PM700ENEU-110204

Macromedia Xres 3.01:
REW300-10058-87782-19326 

Macromedia JRun Server 4.0:
Serial Number: JRD400-73545-97259-86632

Macromedia Home Site 5.0:
Serial Number: HSW500-09157-17204-49326 

Macromedia Generator 2.0:
Serial Number: XFW200-01353-37003-19376

Macromedia FreeHand 10.0:
Serial Number: FHW100-00654-47258-19356 

Macromedia FreeHand 9.0:
FHW900-00010-47278-88947 

Macromedia Fontographer 4.1:
65241-0499-0166-21702

Macromedia Flash MX:
FLW600-09531-57240-83750 

Macromedia Flash 5.0:
FLW500-03143-77238-80660 

Macromedia Fireworks 4.0:
FWW400-02666-67248-02548 

Macromedia Extreme 3D v2.0:
WDW600-04884-67020-40425 

Macromedia Dreamweaver MX:
DWW600-54622-26755-01760 

Macromedia Dreamweaver 4.0:
DWW400-03771-57289-73501

Macromedia Director 8.5:
WDW850-02044-87235-26475 

Macromedia ColdFusion MX:
CPD600-08480-87213-22568
---------------------------------------------------------

Serials & keys - of Softwares.

Smart Serials The Ultimate Resource of Free Serials:


Get All Software Serial Keys For Free Of Cost. Serials & Keys. Free Serial keys.Software Serial key. Serials BE. Venu Software Serial KeysSerial Key Maker.

Microsoft Office 2010: 
VQCRC-J4GTW-T8XQW-RX6QG-4HVG4
V44DD-TMTDC-GPJWJ-WXKGK-7JW9T
VTM6G-YPQ9Q-BVYJQ-37RYH-R4X38 
3W3MQ-H7M6X-3WYP7-TPCH6-8G8T2
VB48G-H6VK9-WJ93D-9R6RM-VP7GT 
H8BJQ-287VR-TY3WT-PB66J-MDGHW 
VFYWG-4BW2R-KXP8T-YMYVC-V94MJ 
VKC68-K7XK4-J7CTQ-FD98Q-VJW4R 
FBFPP-2XG6Y-FG9VH-DVQ2W-QJRCH
P8TFP-JGFMM-XPV3X-3FQM2-8K4RP 
2MHJR-V4MR2-V4W2Y-72MQ7-KC6XK 
7XD2X-JWJ94-BCHBW-W9WXP-J2WPT 
TV9PW-6RP6V-FDVP9-9GC78-Y4B4X 
AD3XE-7FZDV-VMMB9-6M5SD-VODYF 
6CCCX-Y93YP-3WQGT-YCKFW-QTTT7
H746C-BM4VK-TWBB8-MVWH8-FXR32 
Trial 
V4933-88FR7-9P3KK-D2QF4-9M9CM 
MQKCH-8YYRX-DQXCM-TCJRG-P6JQG
 How to activate office 2010 PERMANENTLY :
The notes are based on using Word, but any other Office 2010 application can be used (phone  takes less than 2 ).
01. Disconnect internet, and start Word.
02. If the activation  appears closeit.
03. Go to  File, Help, 
Change Product Code, and then enter key:
828CH-G4FPY-HMH 4R-32GCK-6D9BH-or-3W3MQ-H7M6X-3WY P7-TPCH6-8G8T204. 

TuneUp Utilities 2014:
TMACO-HRNAV-OZGB2-ADQKE-WC2K2-XCY2J

Microsoft Office 2007 Product Key:
KGGGR-D6Q26-FP76H-C4JFQ-BQGHW

AVG 2014 Internet security:
8MEH-RXYFD-JUV72-8922R-FTBZ6-QEMBR-ACED

Nero 12 key:
901E-0190-XL1C-8PML-7P7Z-8H70-­CL4Z-X129

Daemon tools ultra:
270272787881

Driver Genius 12.0.0.1211:
BA3S-MMTWR-8FGR4-TC6T7-VXSB9-VTNF3-KEK9H-DDY95-T89FX

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How to download or save YouTube video to Own PC?

YouTubeYouTube is designed to only allow users to watch and view videos on their website. Many users want to save their favorite videos to their computer so they can watch them without being connected to the Internet or so they can watch them on other devices. Below are the steps required for downloading and watching YouTube videos on your computer for free.
Saving YouTube video as a video file on your computer:
Today, there are several online websites that allow you to enter the URL of the video you wish to save to your computer, and get a link to download the file. Below is the simple three step process that will link you to a page that
1. Go to the YouTube video page and copy the URL of the video you wish to save. For example, below is a URL to a video on YouTube, the whole address would be copied.
2. Once this address has been copied, paste that URL into the below URL text field and click the Download Video button.
3. If done properly, a new window will open with available video formats that can be saved. For most users we suggest the MP4 format, other formats may include FLV, 3GP, and WebM.

Other YouTube download sites
In addition to using the above box to convert your videos there are also many other websites and services that will allow you to download YouTube videos. Below are just a few of our favorites.
Caution: These services can be used to save any flash videos online and can be used to save adult related videos, which unfortunately means when viewing these pages you may be subjected to adult related content.

Watching a FLV video on your computer
Once the .flv file has been downloaded to your computer, you'll need a player that supports .flv files. Below are a few suggestions.
VLC media player
http://www.videolan.org/
Windows Media Player
Microsoft Windows users also have the ability of playing FLV files in Windows Media player with the right codec. Downloading and installing the CCCP codec will install this codec, as well as many other codecs you'll likely need in the future.

Converting the YouTube video to a different movie format
There are dozens of different software programs and online services available that will allow you to convert FLV files into another format. Below is a short listing of some of the free services and products we recommend.
Media Convert - An excellent online service that can convert FLV files into dozens of other formats.
http://www.media-convert.com/
Vixy - Another great online service that allows you to download and save YouTube video files to another format.
http://vixy.net/

Simplify your phone (and life!) with Mobogenie Android Phone Manager.

Simplify your phone (and life!) with Mobogenie Android Phone Manager.


Easy File Transfer:

Did you ever wish you could carry the data in your PC on your phone? Mobogenie makes it possible! Transfer pictures, videos, music and other data between your PC and phone... all with just one click!

SMS Manager:

Relieve yourself of managing the scores of texts and ads in your inbox. Or send texts to multiple contacts on a special occasion!

One-click Download:

Browse the world's best websites for videos, music and pictures, and download your favourites with a single click!

Backup & Restore:

Whether it is a new Android phone or the fear of losing your current device, keep your data backed up without a fuss. 
Your precious contact list, texts, pictures, videos… all tucked away safely for a new phone!

Put away that constant worry of losing your Android phone or fear of switching to another. Simply entrust Mobogenie to back up your data with a single click! And if you want to restore this data to your phone or to another Android device, breathe easy.

Hill Climb Racing:

Uphill racer Newton Bill won't stop till he has conquered the highest hills on the moon! Upgrade his vehicle even as you explore different environments. 
'Hill Climb Racing' available for free download only on Mobogenie!

Apps downloaded, like never before:

As if it doesn't take a lifetime to download an 80-MB app, the cost of downloading it makes it even worse. That's where Mobogenie bails you out! Select free apps and games from the store and install them on to your phone... at no data charges at all! Sounds like magic? It is!

Manage and edit contacts easily:

If it's difficult to edit hundreds of your contacts on the phone, get Mobogenie to do the task.
From adding new numbers to editing existing data to simply deleting unnecessary contacts...
Mobogenie helps make it as easy as pie!
Download the best videos,music and photos on the web:
You've had the same old videos and music for ages, and now it's time you treated yourself to something new. Choose from the best and the latest and download them to your Android device, all to be enjoyed on the go!

Desktop manager for your inbox:

We know how the texts pile up, dotted with ads, notifications and what not. Tidy up your inbox using Mobogenie's managerial skills.You can also use it to send texts to not one but several people at one go. It couldn't get more awesome than that!







Cooperative Linux

Cooperative Linux:

INTRODUCTION:
Cooperative Linux utilizes the rather underused concept of a Cooperative Virtual Machine (CVM), in contrast to traditional VMs that are unprivileged and being under the complete control of the host machine. The term Cooperative is used to describe two entities working in parallel, e.g. coroutines [2]. In that sense the most plain description of Cooperative Linux is turning two operating system kernels into two big coroutines. In that mode, each kernel has its own complete CPU context and address space, and each kernel decides when to give control back to its partner.
However, only one of the two kernels has control on the physical hardware, where the other is provided only with virtual hardware abstraction. From this point on in the paper I'll refer to these two kernels as the host operating system, and the guest Linux VM respectively. The host can be every OS kernel that exports basic primitives that provide the Cooperative Linux portable driver to run in CPL0 mode (ring 0) and allocate memory. The special CPL0 approach in Cooperative Linux makes it significantly different than traditional virtualization solutions such as VMware, plex86, Virtual PC, and other methods such as Xen. All of these approaches work by running the guest OS in a less privileged mode than of the host kernel. This approach allowed for the extensive simplification of Cooperative Linux's design and its short earlybeta development cycle which lasted only one month, starting from scratch by modifying the vanilla Linux 2.4.23-pre9 release until reaching to the point where KDE could run.
The only downsides to the CPL0 approach is stability and security. If it's unstable, it has the potential to crash the system. However, measures can be taken, such as cleanly shutting it down on the first internal Oops or panic. Another disadvantage is security. Acquiring root user access on a Cooperative Linux machine can potentially lead to root on the host machine if the attacker loads specially crafted kernel module or uses some very elaborated exploit in case which the Cooperative Linux kernel was compiled without module support.
One Most of the changes in the Cooperative Linux patch are on the i386 tree-the only supported architecture for Cooperative at the time of this writing. The other changes are mostly additions of virtual drivers: cobd (block device), conet (network), and cocon (console). Most of the changes in the i386 tree involve the initialization and setup code. It is a goal of the Cooperative Linux kernel design to remain as close as possible to the standalone i386 kernel, so all changes are localized and minimized as much as possible.

2. USES:
Cooperative Linux in its current early state can already provide some of the uses that User Mode Linux[1] provides, such as virtual hosting, kernel development environment, research, and testing of new distributions or buggy software. It also enabled new uses:


  1. Relatively effortless migration path from Windows.  In the process of switching to another OS, there is the choice between installing another computer, dualbooting, or using a virtualization software. The first option costs money, the second is tiresome in terms of operation, but the third can be the most quick and easy method-especially if it's free. This is where Cooperative Linux comes in. It is already used in workplaces to convert Windows users to Linux.
  2. Adding Windows machines to Linux clusters.    The Cooperative Linux patch is minimal and can be easily combined with others such as the MOSIX or Open-MOSIX patches that add clustering capabilities to the kernel. This work in progress allows to addWindows machines to super-computer clusters, where one illustration could tell about a secretary workstation computer that runs Cooperative Linux as a screen saver-when the secretary goes home at the end of the day and leaves the computer unattended, the office's cluster gets more CPU cycles for free.
  3. Running an otherwise-dual-booted Linux system from the other OS.  The Windows port of Cooperative Linux allows it to mount real disk partitions as block devices. Numerous people are using this in order to access, rescue, or just run their Linux system from their ext3 or reiserfs file systems.
  4. Using Linux as a Windows firewall on the same machine.  As a likely competitor to other out-of-the-box Windows firewalls, iptables along with a stripped-down Cooperative Linux system can potentially serve as a network firewall.






Difference between a compiler and an assembler?

Compiling is the process of taking higher level language files and combining them with libraries and necessary dependency files. Most compilers will then use a "linker" to link these files together and then use an "assembler" to turn that code into assembly language, and then, if necessary, machine code.

Because your processor processes only assembly instructions or machine language, and it's much easier and faster to write with high level languages, the compiler/assembler does the job of translating this high level code into processor level language.

Actually the libraries are brought in during the linking phase. Prior to that only the headers are brought in.

Basic process from C to machine:
1) Pre-processer: brings in the #includes and resolves the #defines
2) Compiling: Takes the code and turns it into object code. Any external references are left as symbolic references.
3) Linking: Libraries and other object files are combined, all external references are resolved. The output is machine code

Basic Processor from ASM to machine
1) Pre-processor (If supported): Same as above
2) Assembling: Basically the same as above, it takes the code and turns it into object code
3) Linking: Same as above

Now there are some compilers that can output the code in ASM format. That would be after the compiling phase and the linking phase would not occur. At that point you could use an assembler to turn it into object code, then link it, etc. Also you can take the object code and put it into a library. Very few compilers have the ASM phase as a normal step.

How to use USB driver?

How to use USB driver?
*****************************************************************
1. Introducation
*****************************************************************
ADSP21535 has one USB Device Controller (UDC) which supports four
types of USB transfers (Control, Bulk, Interrupt, ISO).
The USB driver makes it possible for the applications in user
mode to access the UDC. The USB driver processes USB enumeration
automatically and provides the interface for USB to transfer
information to the application.
With the USB driver, the user application will be able to
communicate with USB Host (PC) via three types of transfer:
Bulk, Interrupt, ISO. The Control transfer will be processed by
USB driver internally, no related interface will be visible to
user application.
*****************************************************************
2. System interface
*****************************************************************
The USB driver register itself is a standard character device
driver.
The Major number of USB driver is 221. The device name is /dev/adi_usb
So the standard file operations can be used to access the USB
driver:
1) open()
open("/dev/adi_usb",...) will return the fd of USB driver
The USB driver can be accessed by multi-process at the same time.
2) close()
3) read()
USB driver does *NOT* support this operation
4) write()
USB driver does *NOT* support this operation
5) ioctl()
Following ioctl commands are supported
CMD_USB_BULK_INTR_READ:
Read from USB BULK pipe.
The argument points to structure of 'usb_bulk_intr_ioctl' show as below.
typedef struct
{
unsigned char * buf;
int len;
int flag;
} usb_bulk_intr_ioctl;
The 'buf' is the buffer to receive data.
The 'len' is the count of data to receive.
  2
The 'flag' must be 1 means read from BULK pipe
The number of received data will be returned
CMD_USB_BULK_INTR_WRITE:
Write to USB BULK/INTERRUPT pipe.
The argument points to structure of usb_bulk_intr_ioctl.
The 'buf' points to the buffer to send.
The 'len' is the count of data to send.
The 'flag' is 1 means write to BULK pipe
The 'flag' is 2 means write to INTERRUPT pipe
The number of data sent out will be returned
CMD_USB_ISO_READ:
Read from USB ISO pipe.
The argument points to structure of 'usb_iso_data' show as below.
typedef struct
{
unsigned short len;
char * data_buf;
} usb_iso_frame;
typedef struct
{
unsigned long frame_num;
usb_iso_frame frame[1];
} usb_iso_data;
The 'frame_num" is the number of frames to receive.
The 'frame' points to each ISO frames.
The 'frame_num' will be set with the number of frames actually received
when return. The 'len' of each ISO frame will also be set to the length
of the frame data. The data of each ISO frame will be copied to buffer
pointed by 'data_buf' of the frame.
CMD_USB_ISO_WRITE:
Write USB ISO pipe.
The argument points to structure of 'usb_iso_data'.
The 'frame_num" is the number of frames to be transmitted.
The 'frame' points to each ISO frames.
The 'frame_num' shall be set with the number of frames to send.
The 'len' of each ISO frame shall also be set to the length
of the frame data. The 'data_buf' of each ISO frame shall point
to the data buffer of the frame.
The 'frame_num' will be set with the number of frames actually transmitted
when return.
  3
NOTE:
A set of user space APIs are available to simplify programming.
*****************************************************************
3. User API for USB driver
*****************************************************************
1) usb_pipe_open()
Syntax:
usb_pipe_handle usb_pipe_open (int pipe_type)
Description:
Open one of the pipes of the UDC. One pipe consists of two endpoints
that have the same type (Bulk, Interrupt or Isochronous)
The specific pipe will NOT be accessible until it has been opened.
NOTE:
When Interrupt pipe type is specified, the returned pipe handle can NOT
be used to call usb_pipe_read(). Since only USB Interrupt IN
(data to USB Host) is supported by USB kernel driver and USB Host.
Parameters:
pipe_type The type of the pipe to be opened
1: Bulk pipe
2: Interrupt pipe
3: Isochronous pipe
Return:
The handle of the opened endpoint will be returned if succeed,
otherwise negative error number will returned.
2) usb_pipe_close()
Syntax:
void usb_pipe_close (usb_pipe_handle pipe)
Description:
Close the pipe that had been opened
Parameters:
pipe The handle returned by usb_pipe_open()
3) usb_pipe_write()
Syntax:
int usb_pipe_write (usb_pipe_handle pipe, char * buf, int len)
Description:
Send data to USB Host through the specific pipe. The data will be stored
into internal buffer first, and will be written into the FIFO of the
specific endpoint of UDC whenever the room of FIFO is available.
Eventually, the data will be sent to USB Host.
Parameters:
pipe The handle returned by usb_pipe_open()
buf The pointer of the buffer for data to be sent
len The length of data
  4
Return:
The bytes of the data sent out will be returned if success, otherwise
negative error number will be returned
4) usb_pipe_read()
Syntax:
int usb_pipe_read (usb_pipe_handle pipe, char * buf, int len)
Description:
Get data sent by USB Host via specific USB endpoint.
Whenever the data from USB Host are received, they will be stored
into internal buffer first. Then the data will be returned to the caller
whenever this function is called.
Parameters:
pipe The handle returned by usb_pipe_open()
buf The pointer of the buffer for data to be sent
len The length of data
Return:
The bytes of the data sent out will be returned if success, otherwise
negative error number will be returned
5) usb_pipe_iso_write()
Syntax:
int usb_pipe_iso_write (usb_pipe_handle pipe, usb_iso_data * iso_data)
Description:
Send Isochronous data to USB Host.
Parameters:
pipe The handle returned by usb_pipe_open()
iso_data ISO frames descriptor
Return:
The bytes of the data sent out will be returned if success, otherwise
negative error number will be returned
6) usb_pipe_iso_read()
Syntax:
int usb_pipe_iso_read (usb_pipe_handle pipe, usb_iso_data * iso_data)
Description:
Get Isochronous data sent by USB Host.
Parameters:
pipe The handle returned by usb_pipe_open()
iso_data ISO frames descriptor
Return:
The bytes of the data sent out will be returned if success, otherwise
  5
negative error number will be returned
*****************************************************************
4. Usage of USB driver
*****************************************************************
1) Read/Write from/to USB BULK/INTERRUPT pipe
a) Call usb_pipe_open() to open pipe
b) Call usb_pipe_read()/write() to read/write
c) Call usb_pipe_close() to close pipe
2) Read from USB ISO pipe
a) Call usb_pipe_open() to open ISO pipe
b) Allocate 'usb_iso_data' structure
iso_data = (usb_iso_data *) malloc(sizeof(usb_iso_data) +
(frame_num - 1) * sizeof(usb_iso_frame));
c) Set the 'frame_num'of usb_iso_data structure with number frames
you want to read.
iso_data->frame_num = frame_num;
d) Setup buffer for each frame
for (i = 0; i < frame_num; i++)
iso_data->frame[i].data_buf = malloc(...);
NOTE: Sufficient memory shall be allocated for each frame.
Buffer of each frame shall be able to hold at least 8-byte data.
e) Call usb_pipe_iso_read() to read ISO frames
f) Check 'iso_data->frame_num' to determine the number received frames.
g) Check each frame's length and data
for (i = 0; i < iso_data->frame_num; i++)
{
len = iso_data->frame[i].len;
memcpy(buf, iso_data->frame[i].data_buf, len);
......
}
h) Call usb_pipe_close() to close the ISO pipe
3) Write to USB ISO pipe
a) Call usb_pipe_open() to open ISO pipe
b) Allocate 'usb_iso_data' structure
iso_data = (usb_iso_data *) malloc(sizeof(usb_iso_data) +
(frame_num - 1) * sizeof(usb_iso_frame));
c) Set the 'frame_num'of usb_iso_data structure with number frames
you want to write.
  6
iso_data->frame_num = frame_num;
d) Setup buffer and length for each frame
for(i=0;i<frame_num; i++)
{
iso_data->frame[i].data_buf = malloc(len);
memcpy(iso_data->frame[i].data_buf, ...);
iso_dat->frame[i].len = len;
}
NOTE: Lenght of each frame shall NOT exceed 8-byte data.
e) Call usb_pipe_iso_write() to write ISO frames
f) Check 'iso_data->frame_num' to determine the number of frames transmitted.
g) Call usb_pipe_close() to close the ISO pipe
For detail information for usage for USB drive, pls refer to usb_test.c
*****************************************************************
5. NOTE
*****************************************************************
1) Read from Interrupt pipe is NOT supported.
2) The length of each ISO frames sent to USB Host must be same as
the maximum packet size of ISO IN endpoint. It is set to 8
bytes now.
3) Don't try to write more than 63 bytes to the Bulk OUT endpoint
from USB Host(PC) each time. The size of Bulk OUT DMA buffer
is only 63-bytes. Sending 64-byte packet will be NAKed
forever!
The root cause of this issue is a UDC hardware bug. The bug
will prevent us from getting a correct data length for the Bulk
OUT transfer unless we make the size of DMA buffer less than
max packet size (64-bytes).

How much water do you need a day?

How much water do you need a day?
Water is an important structural component of skin cartilage, tissues and organs. For human beings, every part of the body is dependent on water. Our body comprises about 75% water: the brain has 85%, blood is 90%, muscles are 75%, kidney is 82% and bones are 22% water. The functions of our glands and organs will eventually deteriorate if they are not nourished with good, clean water.
The average adult loses about 2.5 litres water daily through perspiration, breathing and elimination. Symptoms of the body's deterioration begins to appear when the body loses 5% of its total water volume. In a healthy adult, this is seen as fatigue and general discomfort, whereas for an infant, it can be dehydrating. In an elderly person, a 5% water loss causes the body chemistry to become abnormal, especially if the percentage of electrolytes is overbalanced with sodium.One can usually see symptoms of aging, such as wrinkles, lethargy and even disorientation. Continuous water loss over time will speed up aging as well as increase risks of diseases.
If your body is not sufficiently hydrated, the cells will draw water from your bloodstream, which will make your heart work harder. At the same time, the kidneys cannot purify blood effectively. When this happens, some of the kidney's workload is passed on to the liver and other organs, which may cause them to be severely stressed. Additionally, you may develop a number of minor health conditions such as constipation, dry and itchy skin, acne, nosebleeds, urinary tract infection, coughs, sneezing, sinus pressure, and headaches.
 
             
So, how much water is enough for you? The minimum amount of water you need depends on your body weight. A more accurate calculation, is to drink an ounce of water for every two pounds of body weight.
                 
  Here is the calculation for your minimum water need per day  
Your weight 67 kg Enter your weight only !!!
Requirement 2211 ml
YOU NEED TO DRINK THIS AMOUNT OF WATER PER DAY 2.21 liters

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